Linux-Anteil anti Beschwerden Server

一直想找一些关于PHP加速的文章，偶然看到杀客的这篇文章，感觉不错，分享给大家，再此感谢杀客。

A、PHP加速器介绍

PHP加速器是一个为了提高PHP执行效率，从而缓存起PHP的操作码，这样PHP后面执行就不用解析转换了，可以直接调用PHP操作码，这样速度上就提高了不少。

Apache中使用mod_php的请求、响应执行流程：

1、Apache接收请求。
2、Apache传递请求给mod_php。
3、mod_php定位磁盘文件，并加载到内存中。
4、mod_php编译源代码成为opcode树。
5、mod_php执行opcode树。

PHP加速器相应的就是第四步，它的目的就是防止PHP每次请求都重复编译PHP代码，因为在高访问量的网站上，大量的编译往往没有执行速度快呢？所以这里面有个瓶颈就是PHP的重复编译既影响了速度又加载了服务器负载，为了解决此问题，PHP加速器就这样诞生了。

zwei、PHP加速器安装与配置

1、安装配置APC

APC全称是Alternative PHP Cache,官方翻译叫”可选PHP缓存”,它是PHP PECL中的一个扩展，好像是facebook在使用它，下面开始安装（ubuntu环境）：
$wget http://pecl.php.net/get/APC-3.0.19.tgz
$tar xvzf APC-3.0.19.tgz
$cd APC-3.0.19/APC-3.0.19
$/usr/local/php/bin/phpize
$./configure –enable-apc –enable-apc-mmap –with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config
$machen
$sudo make install

下面我们再配置APC,因为我的PECL扩展路径改变了，所以我得移动下编译好的文件：
$sudo mv /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/apc.so /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/PECL

然后我们再编辑php.ini文件进行配置，请把下面的代码加入到php.ini中即可：
extension_dir = “/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/PECL”
extension = apc.so
; APC
apc.enabled = 1
apc.shm_segments = 1
apc.shm_size = 64
apc.optimization = 1
apc.num_files_hint = 0
apc.ttl = 0
apc.gc_ttl = 3600
apc.cache_by_default = on

这样重启apache就会在phpinfo()信息中显示。

2、安装配置eAccelerator

eAccelerator的前身其实是truck-mmcache，因为开发truk-mmcache的人被Zend给招安了，所以开发eAccelerator的人继承了truk-mmcache的一些特性，设计出eAccelerator加速器。安装如下：
$wget http://jaist.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.5.tar.bz2
$tar -jxf eaccelerator-0.9.5.tar.bz2
$cd eaccelerator-0.9.5
$/usr/local/php/bin/phpize
$./configure –enable-eaccelerator=shared –with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config
$machen
$sudo make install
$sudo mv /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/PECL

将下面代码加入php.ini文件中
extension = eaccelerator.so
; eAccelerator
eaccelerator.shm_size = “16”
eaccelerator.cache_dir = “/tmp/eaccelerator”
eaccelerator.enable = “1”
eaccelerator.optimizer = “1”
eaccelerator.check_mtime = “1”
eaccelerator.debug = “0”
eaccelerator.filter = “”
eaccelerator.shm_max = “0”
eaccelerator.shm_ttl = “0”
eaccelerator.prune_period = “0”
eaccelerator.shm_only = “0”
eaccelerator.compress = “1”
eaccelerator.compress_level = “9”

创建缓存目录,重启apache

$sudo mkdir /tmp/eaccelerator
$sudo chmod 777 /tmp/eaccelerator
$sudo /usr/local/apache/apachectl restart

在phpinfo()检查是否安装成功.

3、安装配置XCache

XCache作为国人自己开发的东西，做小菜鸟的我也感到骄傲，而且XCache无论在速度还是性能上都做的不错。下面就赶紧让我们品尝它吧！

$wget http://xcache.lighttpd.net/pub/Releases/1.2.2/xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz
$tar xvzf xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz
$cd xcache-1.2.2
$/usr/local/php/bin/phpize
$./configure –enable-xcache –enable-xcache-coverager –with-php-config=/usr/local/php/php-config
$machen
$sudo make install
$sudo mv /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/xcache.so /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/PECL

在php.ini添加配置信息：

extension = xcache.so
; xcache
xcache.admin.user = “admin”
xcache.admin.pass = “(执行) echo ’(你的密码)’|md5sum(得出的密文)”
;
xcache.size = 24M
xcache.shm_scheme = “mmap”
xcache.count = 2
xcache.slots = 8k
xcache.ttl = 0
xcache.gc_interval = 0

xcache.var_size = 8M
xcache.var_count = 1
xcache.var_slots = 8k
xcache.var_ttl = 0
xcache.var_maxttl = 0
xcache.var_gc_interval = 300
xcache.test = Off
xcache.readonly_protection = On
xcache.mmap_path = “/tmp/xcache”
xcache.coredump_directory = “”
xcache.cacher = On
xcache.stat = On
xcache.optimizer = Off
;
xcache.coverager = On
xcache.coveragedump_directory = “”

创建缓存目录，重启apache

$sudo mkdir /tmp/xcache
$sudo chmod 777 /tmp/xcache
$sudo /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl restart

去查看phpinfo()信息吧！

drei、PHP加速器测试

1、测试环境

硬件: AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 4400+ @ 2.2GHz CPU, 2GB 内存. 160GB SATA 硬盘

软件: Linux Ubuntu server Gutsy 7.10, Apache 2.2.4, MySQL 5.0.45 和 PHP 5.2.3

测试指令: ab -c5 -n3000 http://example.com/ (我们使用的是Apache Benchmark (ab) 工具，并发连接为5，3000次请求)

2、测试结果

无任何加速器:

Document Path: /
Document Length: 21757 Bytes
Concurrency Level: 5
Time taken for tests: 288.255212 seconds
Complete requests: 3000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 66777000 Bytes
HTML transferred: 65271000 Bytes
Requests per second: 10.41 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 480.425 [Frau] (mean)
Time per request: 96.085 [Frau] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 226.23 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (Frau)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.5 0 19
Processing: 181 479 186.0 444 1822
Waiting: 166 461 184.7 427 1708
Total: 181 479 186.0 444 1822
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (Frau)
50% 444
66% 525
75% 577
80% 619
90% 732
95% 819
98% 946
99% 1012
100% 1822 (longest request)

APC加速器:

Document Path: /
Document Length: 21757 Bytes
Concurrency Level: 5
Time taken for tests: 98.530068 seconds
Complete requests: 3000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 66777000 Bytes
HTML transferred: 65271000 Bytes
Requests per second: 30.45 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 164.217 [Frau] (mean)
Time per request: 32.843 [Frau] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 661.84 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (Frau)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.0 0 2
Processing: 58 163 71.2 155 2452
Waiting: 53 158 69.6 150 2329
Total: 58 163 71.2 155 2452
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (Frau)
50% 155
66% 178
75% 193
80% 204
90% 235
95% 258
98% 285
99% 302
100% 2452 (longest request)

eAccelerator加速器:

Document Path: /
Document Length: 21757 Bytes
Concurrency Level: 5
Time taken for tests: 95.983986 seconds
Complete requests: 3000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 66777000 Bytes
HTML transferred: 65271000 Bytes
Requests per second: 31.26 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 159.973 [Frau] (mean)
Time per request: 31.995 [Frau] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 679.39 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (Frau)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.1 0 3
Processing: 57 159 91.3 148 3830
Waiting: 50 152 89.8 142 3704
Total: 57 159 91.3 148 3830
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (Frau)
50% 148
66% 174
75% 193
80% 205
90% 239
95% 263
98% 289
99% 309
100% 3830 (longest request)

XCache加速器:

Document Path: /
Document Length: 21757 Bytes
Concurrency Level: 5
Time taken for tests: 99.76300 seconds
Complete requests: 3000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 66777000 Bytes
HTML transferred: 65271000 Bytes
Requests per second: 30.28 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 165.127 [Frau] (mean)
Time per request: 33.025 [Frau] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 658.19 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (Frau)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.0 0 2
Processing: 59 164 83.4 155 3367
Waiting: 52 156 66.4 148 1802
Total: 59 164 83.4 155 3367
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (Frau)
50% 155
66% 178
75% 196
80% 206
90% 237
95% 263
98% 287
99% 305
100% 3367 (longest request)

3、结果摘要

四、PHP加速器比较结果总结

1、通过测试得出eAccelerator在请求时间和内存占用综合方面是最好的。

2、通过测试得出使用加速器比无加速器在请求时间快了3倍左右。

3、通过各个官方观察，XCache是更新最快的，这也说明最有发展的。

以上是总结结果，你也许会问我到底用那个加速器好呢？我只能告诉你，erste，用一定比不用好，其次每个加速器还有一些可以调优的参数，所以要根据你的系统环境而定，dann，我个人觉得你可以详细研究下eAccelerator和XCache，这两款潜力还是很大的，最后我从比较专业的测试网站搞了一张结果图：

mysqadmin -uroot -p processlist
可以看出连接的详细资料.

如果只是想看连接数.
直接打mysqladmin status
Threads就是连接数

To ensure that my CentOS machines run as efficiently and securely as possible, I disable a number of services after each installation. The end result is a system that accepts ssh connections on TCP port 22, and on one or more service ports that are in use by the applications hosted on the platform. To get to this state, I go through and disable numerous services that come enabled by default. Here is the default list of services that are enabled after a CentOS 4.4 installation:

$ chkconfig –list | grep on

atd             0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
messagebus      0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
smartd          0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
portmap         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
sendmail        0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
netfs           0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
cups            0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
irqbalance      0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
rpcgssd         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
xfs             0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
isdn            0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
autofs          0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
gpm             0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
apmd            0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
crond           0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
acpid           0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
microcode_ctl   0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
pcmcia          0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
cpuspeed        0:off   1:auf    2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
xinetd          0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
rpcidmapd       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
readahead_early 0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:auf    6:off
readahead       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:auf    6:off
sshd            0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
anacron         0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
network         0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
kudzu           0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
syslog          0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
nfslock         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
rawdevices      0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
mdmonitor       0:off   1:off   2:auf    3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off
haldaemon       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:auf    4:auf    5:auf    6:off

Several of these services are required, but several others serve no purpose in my environment, and use CPU and memory resources that would be better allocated to my applications. Since I don’t use RPC services, autofs or NFS, those are the first to get disabled:

$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 portmap off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 nfslock off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 netfs off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 rpcgssd off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 rpcidmapd off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 autofs off

I also don’t allow individual hosts to receive mail from the outside world, so sendmail gets nixed next:

$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 sendmail off

On server platforms, who needs printing?:

$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 cups off

Now we get to the font server, isdn capabilities, console mouse and pcmcia support. I don’t use these services on my servers, so they get disabled as well:

$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 xfs off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 isdn off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 gpm off
$ /sbin/chkconfig –level 0123456 pcmcia off

Once these services are disabled (and optionally stopped with the service command or a reboot), my netstat output looks nice and clean:

$ netstat –tcp –udp –listening

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN

This has served me well over the years, since it reduces boot time (less rc scripts to run), and frees up additional resources for my applications (while this isn’t substantial, every page of memory helps!).

CentOS 5 中OpenSSL和OpenSSH升级

2010-10-24 23:44

把OpenSSL和OpenSSH升级了。CentOS 5.2所带的OpenSSL是0.9.8b，OpenSSH是4.0p1。升级方法如下:

openssh 最新版本（http://www.openssh.com/portable.html）

wget http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-0.9.8j.tar.gz

tar zxvf openssl-0.9.8j.tar.gz

cd openssl-0.9.8j

./config –prefix=/usr

machen

make test

make install

wget http://openbsd.noc.jgm.gov.ar/pub/OpenBSD/OpenSSH/portable/openssh-5.2p1.tar.gz

tar zxvf openssh-5.2p1.tar.gz

cd openssh-5.2p1

./konfigurieren –prefix=/usr –with-pam –with-zlib –sysconfdir=/etc/ssh –with-ssl-dir=/usr –with-md5-passwords

machen

make install